Complete Guide to Harvard Recommendation Letters

Complete Guide to Harvard Recommendation Letters SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Is it true that you are applying to Harvard, or composing a letter of suggestion for somebody who is? To get into Harvard or another Ivy League school, your letter of suggestion, as with the various pieces of your application, must be remarkable. Regardless of whether your evaluations, test scores, and different accomplishments are heavenly, you would prefer not to make light of the significance of suggestion letters in the affirmations choice. Peruse on to discover exactly how significant rec letters are to the Harvard entrance advisory board, alongside how precisely they can offer ground-breaking help for a candidate. How Important Are Recommendation Letters in Harvard Admissions? To address this inquiry, we should go directly to thedeanhimself. Senior member of affirmations and money related guide, William R. Fitzsimmons, says, Proposal from auxiliary teachers and guides are critical at Harvard. Admissions boards read the suggestions with extraordinary consideration, regularly remarking on them recorded as a hard copy on 'read sheets' in every application. On the off chance that that doesn't give you a feeling of how much consideration is paid to reference letters, think about this: they frequently venture the proposals onto enormous screens so all individuals from the entrance advisory board can peruse them on the double, both when they meet in littler gatherings and all together for definite survey forms in February and March. With everyone's eyes truly on your suggestions, they are taking a gander at what it needs to state. Why? Getting ready* to peruse your rec letter...no pressure!*(Not a genuine portrayal of what it resembles by any stretch of the imagination.) What's the Purpose of Letters of Recommendation? To counsel the senior member once more, Fitzsimmons says, Suggestions can assist us with seeing great past grades and grades and different accreditations and canilluminate such close to home characteristics as character and administration, just as scholarly interest, inventiveness, and love of learning. Additionally, proposal letters offer proof of a candidate's capability to have a huge effect to a school network and past. As talked about in Allen Cheng's detailedguide to getting into Harvard, Harvard needs applicants who will accomplish extraordinary things at school and past. Thusly, they are making an incentive on the planet as a top college. Surrounded along these lines, Fitzsimmons' last remark about an understudy's capability to have a huge effect is a significant one. Proposal letters should communicate trust in, and, as it were, fill in as evidence that an understudy's past accomplishments and individual characteristics foresee her future achievement, both in the school network and past. Aside from that, the suggestion letters present a full, all encompassing image of a candidate. While an understudy's transcript, test scores, associations, and individual article address her accomplishments and objectives, the proposal letter the two supplements and adds to the application. They add measurement to who an understudy is, her scholarly person, individual, and social characteristics, and how she communicates with others. Harvard is an incredibly serious and particular school, and they are searching for a differing and dynamic class oftop achieverswho are going to function admirably with each other and their educators. Proposal letters confirm an understudy's benefits, address her capacity to flourish in a scholastically thorough condition, and offer a dream of her future achievements. Considering letters of suggestion must be exceptional and ground-breaking reports for an understudy's benefit, who ought to keep in touch with them? Ensure your recommender is glad to suggest you, similar to these individuals. Who Should Write Your Letters of Recommendation for Harvard? Harvard requires two letters of proposal from instructors and one from your school advocate. You presumably don't have a lot of decision with the guide suggestion, since most understudies have a similar advisor all through their four years of secondary school. What you can control is attempting to interface with your advocate, becoming more acquainted with her, and sharing significant data that she needs to keep in touch with you a solid suggestion. Where you have a significant choice to make is with the educator proposals. Who would it be a good idea for you to inquire? Who will think of you the best proposal letter that will most dazzle Harvard confirmations officials? To start with, I would propose asking somebody who realizes you well. The best letters are close to home, smart, and uncover something about your character. Somebody who scarcely realizes you won't have the option to achieve that or expound on you in an important manner. Aside from who you know well, you ought to pick somebody in whose class you exceeded expectations (like, truly exceeded expectations. This is the H, individuals!). Past amazing evaluations and grades, did you go well beyond to take on an autonomous undertaking or examination a region of intrigue? Did you join your instructor's after school club and show your enthusiasm for material science or composing outside of the study hall? On the off chance that you showed subject authority, remarkable cooperation, or additional inclusion in educator's group, at that point she can talk about your outstanding endeavors and accomplishment in her Harvard rec letter. In case you're featuring your energy for clinical exploration, composing, or math in your application, at that point you ought to ask an educator in that subject who can give proof of your ability and enthusiasm. On the off chance that you're not concentrating on a specific scholarly field, at that point you should in any case ask educators from center classes. Junior year educators are commonly best, as they had you as of late and for an entire year. In the event that the instructor had you for more than one class, all the better. Similarly as long as they can expound profoundly on what your identity is and what you'd bring to Harvard. It additionally doesn't do any harm on the off chance that they believe you're really great thing since cut bread. Once more, this is the H! So what substance is remembered for an outstanding proposal letter? Other than picking your recommenders astutely, is there something else you can do to guarantee the high caliber of your letter? What Makes a Great Letter of Recommendation for Harvard? As Fitzsimmons stated, an extraordinary letter doesn't simply list information or rehash an understudy's resume. It gives a mutli-dimensional perspective on the candidate, including her scholarly aptitudes, great individual characteristics, and potential for future achievement. For Harvard, the best letters are redone both to the understudy and the school. Your recommender ought to comprehend Harvard's scholastic requests and bear witness to your ability to flourish there. So how precisely can a suggestion letter achieve this? What do the most essential letters state and do? They Use Anecdotes The best proposal letters depict a perception, story, or model that outlines something significant about what your identity is, the thing that you esteem, and what persuades you to act. Stories back up what the recommender is stating about you. They additionally help to separate you from different understudies with comparative accreditations (a ton of qualified understudies applying to Harvard), and stick out as critical in perusers' psyches. At last, stories demonstrate that your recommender knows you on an individual level and is subsequently able to evaluate you. Think about the distinction in these two sentences. Caitlin is a persuaded understudy. At the point when two of our journalists were out debilitated upon the arrival of their cutoff times, manager in-boss Caitlin got a move on, articles to different essayists and remaining up well into the late evening composing any missing substance herself. Under her decided initiative, the school paper was prepared for print before sun-up. The story demonstrates her inspiration and assurance, just as illustrates a determined Caitlin composing stories late into the night. Perhaps she'll do likewise for The Harvard Crimson once nearby. Notwithstanding making the understudy wake up for perusers, stories make the letter generally speaking additionally intriguing, individual, and exuberant. That is something that confirmations officials will recollect. They'll realize that the understudy had inspired educators and advisors on her side to invest energy creating a solid and smart letter. The best letters likewise address an understudy's particular duty or enthusiasm, a quality that intrigues confirmations officials and focuses to future accomplishment. Katniss demonstrates an unparalleled pledge to arrow based weaponry and driving insurgencies. They Highlight a Specific Commitment or Unusual Skill Harvard isn't really searching for balanced understudies. Their general class can be balanced, by remembering understudies with profound accomplishment for explicit regions, such as planning applications, distributing experimental writing, or winning national math rivalries. On the off chance that this seems like you, at that point you've without a doubt recounted to this story in the remainder of your application. Your suggestion can supplement this story, while including new tales and perceptions about you from your recommender's point of view. Perhaps you've done logical exploration at a neighborhood school, had your verse distributed in artistic magazines, or made and performed tunes for school shows. Your recommenders can address how you contribute greatness to your school network and will proceed to rouse and work together with individuals at Harvard. Other than authenticating and adding to your spikes in accomplishment, your recommender can rave about you with an announcement of high positioning. They Give an Outstanding Ranking On the off chance that your recommender thinks of you as one of the top understudies she's at any point had, at that point this announcement could go far, as Harvard is searching for the most elite. Saying you're one of the top, generally adroit, generally innovative, most gifted understudies she's at any point shown is an amazing proclamation, particularly if she's educated at the school for a long time. Then again, a tepid explanation, such as calling you well better than expected, could be a warning to confirmations officials. Elitist as it might sound, Harvard isn't searching for normal. They anticipate remarkable. Particularly in the event that they conta

6 Steps For Building Your Author Mailing List

6 Steps For Building Your Author Mailing List 6 Steps for Building your Author Mailing List through Giveaways One of the fundamental inquiries that torment appearing writers is: how would I construct a group of people for my first book before I discharge it? Most creators know that they should begin constructing their creator mailing list a very long time ahead of time, they just don’t know how. Of course, that’s actually quite difficult, particularly in the event that you haven’t distributed anything yet. Yet, it’s not difficult to do, even while you’re composing your first book.Someone who has had some achievement around there is Derek Murphy. Derek has been a long-term companion of Reedsy, and been in the matter of distributing for many years currently (look at his cool site creativindie.com). He’s an incredible book planner and has helped a great deal of writers with their showcasing endeavors. As of late, Derek chose to compose his first fiction book (a YA epic). In any case, before that, he needed to manufacture a group of people for it. In a selective meeting with us, he clarifies how he had the option to construct a writer mailing rundown of 10,000 perusers, without any preparation, in under a week.â€Å"One of the least demanding approaches to get a great deal of recruits rapidly is to offer free giveaways. It’s a lot simpler than attempting to assemble extraordinary substance that individuals share. I’ve been doing that for quite a while and it takes work. Regardless of whether it’s great you aren’t going to get that numerous offers or follows or prefers. A challenge is extremely beautiful powerful.† †Derek MurphyYou can watch the full meeting here, or read the post beneath where we consolidated the data into a pleasant bit by bit direct (in light of the fact that that’s what we do!). Offer the meeting: Here's the way to construct a writer mailing rundown of 10,000 perusers, without any preparation, in under seven days. 1. Set up your creator mailing list and make a mechanized email sequenceYour first errand is to set yourself up on Mailchimp. When you have made your record, an information exchange structure will appear. You can tweak this structure, share it on your creator site, or any web based life stages you have. Start little, joining loved ones and make a mechanized email succession for each new endorser who signs up.Maintain a solitary rundown of every one of your supporters and section it as per specific intrigue gatherings. This is so you can tailor your newslettersâ according to the prizes you bring to the table. Make a warm computerized email succession that urges perusers to connect with you. 2. Settle on the â€Å"giveaway† Facebook Ads for Authors (with Mark Dawson) Understand post Target compelling individuals in your class. This is Derek’s strategy: â€Å"I made an email rundown of possibly 500 book bloggers in my kind and all the ‘BookTubers’ who talk about and audit YA books on YouTube†¦ those are influencers, who have the traffic and stages as of now, so I email all them about the contest†.Facebook focused on promoting is another way to deal with consider. Drive up endorsers of your creator mailing list by focused promoting to gatherings, pages or individuals. Discover class explicit pages to post your advertisements on so they are appeared to individuals who are probably going to enjoy the giveaway.â€Å"The decent thing about giveaways is that others share for you. I will do focused on Facebook publicizing to reach possibly a 1,000 people, and those individuals will share truly hard†¦ they will elevate the giveaway to all their friends...it’s not actually becoming a web sensation yet you get a lot of traff ic† †Derek MurphyThere are different stages you can advance your giveaway on, for example, StumbleUpon’s Paid Discovery, Reddit’s publicizing stage and advanced posts on Twitter. Also consider teaming up with different writers or individuals who are likewise parting with prizes. In the event that you do a common rivalry advancing both of your items, you are pooling the reaches you both have, multiplying the potential for supporters. The pleasant thing about giveaways is that others share for you. †@Creativindie 5. Convert giveaway endorsers into a faithful fanbaseThere is some analysis of building a creator mailing list through giveaways. All things considered, there is no assurance that supporters will be keen on your work just on the grounds that you are without offering prizes. So how would you make a reliable fanbase from this?â€Å"Most creators are likely not utilizing the mailing list right. They are presumably parting with free stuff and afterward attempting to sell their book right away†¦ That’s not going to work. First you should teach them about what your identity is: they are pursuing free stuff, they don’t realize that I’m a creator yet. There are approaches to gradually acquaint them with that thought, and it’s not by selling them my book.† †Derek MurphyContinue with littler battles, especially utilizing Gleam or Rafflecopter that connect to your writer blog and sites which endorsers can peruse on the off chance that they need to. T his procedure needs to happen slowly as a circuitous method to acquaint your rundown with the reality you are an author.â€Å"I won’t attempt to offer my books to this list† says Derek. â€Å"I’m for the most part utilizing it for nothing downloads and book surveys. On the off chance that I can part with a thousand duplicates of my book and I give them motivation to go download it and audit it I can most likely get two or three hundred surveys in the principal couple days of my launch†. Audits are basic for the effective promoting of a book. You should get a huge number of downloads to get several audits. You can't accomplish this in the event that you begin charging for your book too soon as a first-time writer. Your giveaway supporters won't be responsive to the 'hard sell'. Fabricate a relationship with them first. 6. Stay in contact with your fanbase regularlySend out a month to month bulletin to your writer mailing list, for example, ‘My top 10 books for December 2015’ so contenders continue opening your messages. Give a concise survey of every one and an Amazon connect where they can purchase the book. This will likewise give you income through the Amazon associate program.Eventually, contact your rundown letting them know there are no more giveaways. This will be a method of discovering where your actual fanbase lies. Regardless of whether most of individuals withdraw to your messages, the point is have 1,000-2,000 individuals who are truly inspired by your work who will purchase your books later on. In the long run, clean upâ your list by telling your supporters there are no more giveaways. ConclusionThere’s one thing we haven’t referenced at this point: costs. Parting with stuff isn't free, even more if you’re advancing the giveaway through publicizing. Derek’s battle cost him around $600-700 (full breakdown here).This seems like a great deal. Be that as it may, it isn't remarkable for creators to spend this sum on advertising with no plainly characterized outcomes over an any longer timeframe. The distinction with this methodology is after the underlying costs, you can right away reconnect with your supporters for nothing later on. As we state in the meeting, â€Å"you construct your very own Bookbub list†.What areâ your techniques for developing your writer mailing list? Have you at any point attempted giveaways? Tell us about your encounters, or ask Derek any inquiry, in the remarks underneath!

Write My Essay

How regularly do you think ‘I need an individual to compose my piece for me’? At times we think the most ideal approach to get help is to pay for it. In any case, going through cash doesn’t consistently ensure that we will get precisely need we need. With regards to composing papers, you may think you have discovered a decent support of get some article help by an expert author, however it might be a snare. Regardless of whether you’re a slacker, English isn’t your first language, you don’t have sufficient opportunity, or essentially don’t have a longing, the primary spot you go to will be online sites offering modest custom expositions. Cash Wastage There are a few issues you may confront following this specific procedure. The principal model is that the organization may misdirect you. Subsequently, they will simply get your cash without giving you an exploration paper or article consequently. For this situation, you must be exceptionally careful while looking for a trustful support of give you any sort of help. Mistake A few authors don't alter their works, and you may not be an extraordinary supervisor also. Subsequently, you will submit something containing an excessive number of holes. Continuously investigate your compositions, regardless of you are a creator or not. Absence of Knowledge Another case of a destruction is that since you aren’t doing the task yourself, you won’t have enough information about the topic of your exposition or, possibly, the whole research paper content. Scholarly composing is a significant aptitude that will be utilized sooner or later in your life after school, so it’s critical to pay attention to it. What you ought to do is simply compose your expositions yourself. It’s unquestionably the least expensive course! You don’t need to invest cash just as energy in something that you won’t wind up utilizing in any case.

Gods Gift.

Divine beings Gift. One day when God felt generous,He looked down at me and smiled,Since I feel so magnanimous,I'd like to give you something, child.He asked me what I wanted,I stated, Gracious, actually nothing more,You've accomplished such a great deal already.He stated, That is the thing that God is for.You have been entirely acceptable, He said,I know there's very little that you seek,I will pick a little something,Just to make your life complete.With incredible anticipation,I anticipated my gift,I considered what God had in mind,That would give me such a lift.This blessing, God stated, You realize,Bears some responsibility,So, on the off chance that you acknowledge my present,You must be willing to agree...To offer unconditionally,A area or a part,Of the greater part of you,The bigger bit of your heart.Okay, God, I answered,Since in You, I generally trust,I'll meet your obligation,In the way that I must.God the Father 21To myself, I thought, stunning, what a gift,For such an extensive amount me, Go d's asked,Now what could be so valuable,That my offer was more than half?With two hands I looked for my gift,I despite everything didn't have a clue,Then God placed your turn in mine,And said His blessing to me was YOU!

Philosophy Term Paper on Stereotype Encounters

Theory on Stereotype Encounters - Term Paper Example People being generalized will feel that their practices are decided based on their contrary disposition rather from the premise of their own legitimacy. At the point when individuals feel generalized their presentation is subverted as they will feel their activities are under a great deal of investigation, and this makes them free their confidence which will sabotage their profitability (Dovidio et al, 2010). Generalizing will cause an individual to feel like a casualty of social personality, and they will feel second rate in the event that they can't adapt to the generalization and this will sabotage their ability to settle on steady choices and their efficiency in the movement they are attempted (Kemick, 2010). I have experienced different generalizations the first being that all Arabs and Muslims are fear mongers. After the September 11 assaults in the United States, Muslims and Arabs have been generalized and have been dismissed by different networks. The assaults were arranged b y the al-Qaida, which is a Muslim gathering and from this day individuals have had the thought that all Muslims are psychological militants. This has denied Muslims numerous open doors as individuals dread that they will assault them as they are associated with fear based oppressors. After the assaults Muslims were under incredible investigation and they are treated with dread and dismissal. Indeed, even the specialists at air terminals twofold processed their gear and this made them fall casualties of sterotyping.it was obvious to note Muslims being halted by police more than individuals from different societies. This generalization has negatively affected Muslims as it wrecks with their fearlessness brought about by the conviction that they are being sidelined or dismissed by the network, and this sabotages their

Promoting Child and Adolescent Health Outcomes in Australia - 275 Words

Promoting Child and Adolescent Health Outcomes in Australia (Essay Sample) Content: PROMOTING CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH OUTCOMES IN AUSTRALIABy Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name:Course code+nameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameUniversity nameCity, StateDate of submissionPromoting Child and Adolescent Health Outcomes in AustraliaIntroductionThe Nest action agenda is an Australian national plan for promoting the health and wellbeing of children and youth (ARACY 2014). Since its inception, ARACY has documented evidence showing that Australian infants and young people are lagging behind in various aspects of global health and wellbeing indicators. The lag is in comparison to the member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the realm of education, health, child poverty, family, and deprivation. In the effort to address the lag or to ensure that all young Australians (0-24 years of age) have access to basic needs, education, health, and are participating in various societal activities, the Nest action agenda established six priori ty directions, which serve as objectives and guiding principles towards the realization of its vision. Central to this research, the paper explores the third priority direction of the Nest action agenda, which is to improve the physical health of young Australians. In line with this priority direction, the paper highlights the present state of child and youth health and wellbeing in Australia. Further, the key determinants of health and well being are noted. Lastly, the paper will present evidence-based strategies meant to assist stakeholders achieve the goals and vision of the Nest action agenda.Improving the physical health and current Status of child and youth health and wellbeing AustraliaThe intent of improving the physical health of Australian children and adolescents is to ensure that the county ranked within the top 5 OECD members states by 2025 (ARACY 2014). In terms of physical health outcomes, Australia was ranked at position 17 out of 30 OECD member countries (ARACY 2014 ). In the list, Australia fell in the first third for 12 of the 46 indicators compared. 20 of the key indicators fell in the central third and 14 of them fell in the last third (ARACY 2014). Australia still ranks poorly on some indicators of employment and youth education, including income inequality, infant mortality, pre-school attendance and jobless families. As recognized by ARACY (2014), physical health or development of child and adolescents has a strong influence on the outcomes in health, education and life success. It is also broadly recognized that socio-economic inequality has a direct influence on an array of adverse life outcomes (AIFS 2002; ARACY 2014). The influence begins in the early stages of human development by impacting on environmental experiences including nutrition and parenting. Furthermore, it is becoming clearer that most of the problems in adulthood such as mental disorders, crime, and addictive behavior have traces of the environments and experiences enc ountered during early childhood. There are significant socio-economic inequalities in child and adolescent health. The disparities are apparent in accessing and resourcing services. Additionally, the challenge of mental health disorders among the youth is far greater if the groups at risk are put into account (Australian Government; Department of Health 2012). The group at high risk includes children and adolescents with learning difficulties or development disabilities. The health needs of young people rural parts of Australia are still greater than in urban areas (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014). To achieve the national agenda, such discrepancies must be addressed under service delivery efforts.Key determinants of health and wellbeingAccording to ARACY (2014), the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents in Australia are largely affected by the built environments or neighborhoods. Lack of green spaces and fear of crime has a negative influence on physical health, as well as social and emotional wellbeing of young people (ARACY 2012). According to Sheffield Landrigan (2011), children are also vulnerable to climatic changes as 88% of diseases triggered by the changes affect children. The key themes or indicators used as the basis of establishing and promoting the health and wellbeing of young people in Australia are: healthy; learning; participating; material basics; love and safety; and supportive environments CITATION ARA13 \l 1033 \m Aus12 (ARACY 2014; Australian Government; Department of Health 2012). Being healthy entails mental health, physical health, nutrition, reduced injury deaths, reduced substance abuse, dental health, reduced youth violence and improved self-esteem (ARACY 2014). The aspects of love and safety encompass family, stability, and friendly networks. Related to love and safety is the provision of material basics, including food, clothing, and shelter. Learning is essential in terms of academic achievement. Beyond particip ation in learning, self-development is valuable for wellbeing. Effective health and wellbeing promotion and early intervention strategies designed for children and young Australians cover an array of stakeholders and environments that are different from the ones targeting the adult population. Therefore, systems and environments play a critical role in young peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s health and wellbeing. They mainly comprise childcare settings and services, schools and youth services. Further, parents play a significant role in the young peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s health and wellbeing, especially in learning and health activities.Evidence-based strategies for achieving the vision of the Nest action agendaTo improve the physical health of infants, children, and adolescents in Australia, antenatal services should be readily accessible. School-based interventions should also be expanded to manage asthma and other respiratory diseases. Additionally, oral health can be improved through education and p romotion provided to parents. Child-friendly neighborhoods and environments should be developed in congruence with the framework provided by the UNICEF Child-Friendly Cities Initiative (CFC; UNICEF 2014). According to the Australian Department of Health (2012), good nutrition, regular exercise, and healthy eating are essential in preventing diet-related conditions, including obesity, cardiovascular disease diabetes, and some cancers. Infant health can also be improved by expanding the existing strategies to promote breastfeeding. School curriculum must also include and implement physical activities, healthy eating, and body image. Teenage pregnancies can be addressed through school-based sex education programs (ARACY 2014; ARACY 2014). In congruence with the Nest action agenda, the Australian government and other stakeholders emphasizes on capacity building within local territories (AIFS 2002; Australian Government; Department of Health 2012). To optimize the role of healthcare work force in early intervention and promotion, emphasis is pl...

Personal Statement Fatal Flaw #4 Superficiality

(Continuing my series on essays that sound like baby talk and are frequently application killers.) When you write superficially you tend to blend into the great mass of applicants who on a superficial level are very much like you. They have the same goal. They have prepared similarly togain acceptance. Of course, blending in is exactly what you dont want to do. How can you distinguish yourself? Use specifics to tell your unique story and portray yourself distinctively. As my colleague in MBA Admissions Advantage, Maxx Duffy, says, avoid umbrella words. Umbrella words are words that have broad definitions and represent desirable qualities in the admissions process. For example leadership. Yes you want to demonstrate leadership. But you dont want to do so by blabbing on and on about your leadership qualities. You want to provide an example that shows you in a leadership role and break down your role into sub-categories of leadership that were key to your success. For example, some components of leadership that you can focus on: Listening. Initiating. Mentoring. Teaching. Persuading. Organizing. Establishing a goal or vision. Motivating. Managing Obtaining buy-in. And this is just a sample. Not all leaders can claim these qualities and only a handful can write about the specific example you will provide. So remember: Avoid umbrella words Use specific examples And banish superficiality from your application essays and personal statements.

Is Active Euthanasia Ever Justified - 2440 Words

AUTHOR: Norm Edwards Whilst the issue of active euthanasia (or assisted suicide) raises a number of arguments, for and against, the dilemma faced by doctors, parents, the individuals themselves and lawmakers is, should active euthanasia be allowed or ever justified? To answer this, justification of good cause requires analysis in terms of the pros and cons as well as the role that moral consideration plays in terms of how we value life, and to what extent we place emphasis on that value and at what point do we say that suffering is good for life. The notion that prolonged suffering is not good for the value of life is assumed here, as is the propensity to save life without causing further distress and pain. Given that several†¦show more content†¦As already discussed, the term killing appears to be worse than letting die in the moral sense. However at what point does the morality of killing not exceed the allowing of insufferable pain and agony that a patient must endure, even though it is p robably already known, as in the throat cancer patient example, that the patient will die anyway. Moral consideration, I believe, is what society deems to be acceptable and what is not. I would argue that if society wants to accept that active euthanasia is morally wrong, then they must also accept that in doing so they are supporting the notion of unwanted pain and suffering to those that are experiencing that pain and by doing so are at best contradicting what they term as being morally correct. It is ridiculous to accept that society would allow pain and suffering; therefore, the term letting die should be equally applied to active euthanasia as it is to passive euthanasia. The AMA does allow passive euthanasia, as already explained, but again, at what point should the moral view of the termination of life disregard pain and agony? In my view, any causing death argument is flawed in terms of who is responsible for the death. With active euthanasia a doctor actively takes ac tion to cause death; but wait, passive euthanasia effectively does the same because the doctor is still taking action, albeit passive, by not administering medicine, therefore, the causing death argument does not convince.Show MoreRelatedEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1562 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, also known as voluntary or assisted suicide, is used for terminally ill patients to end their lives instead of undergoing painful treatments and torment of waiting for death. There are, however, two different ways in which A can bring about B’s death. In this essay I will present the distinction between active and passive euthanasia as explained by James Rachels in his article called â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia†. I will also debate whether euthanasia is justified or not by presentingRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pages The Oxford English Dictionary states that euthanasia is a gentle and easy death (Oxford English Dictionary). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, active euthanasia is the ending of a terminally ill person s life by direct intervention, such as administering a lethal dose of painkilling drug (Oxford English Dictionary). While passive euthanasia according to the Oxford English Dictionary is the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment in the knowledge that the personRead MoreEuthanasi The End Product Of An Ill Individual979 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia transpires to be the end product of an ill individual’s life with the intention of releasing them of their misery. It happens to be typical for an individual to undergo euthanasia for the reason of an inoperable illness they may have. There are various occurrences where individuals have the desire to terminate their lives at their request, whereas a selection of individuals become extremely ill and the decision stands to be made by the next of kin, medical team, or the court dependingRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide is NOT Ethical Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pageslives. This risk should not be taken. Eventually others, like those with mental illness, could seek this treatment as well (Smith). They wouldn’t have the right to decide if they want to go through with euthanasia, so maybe their relative, who is tired of paying for treatment, could petition for euthanasia. If the state has custody they could also pursue the cheapest option. The physician’s ruthlessness could kill many people everywhere. If this is a possibility so much of the hope could disappear. DeathRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide During The United States And Other Countries Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagescountries. EUTHANASIA Euthanasia is a term that when asking friends and family, I found most often is associated with â€Å"putting our animals down† when they are ill, elderly or have experienced a traumatic injury that is not survivable, many do not associate it as an option for humans. There are several methods of physician assisted suicide (PAS) or assisted suicide which includes methods of euthanasia. There are two types of euthanasia, active and passive. Active euthanasia is euthanasia by performingRead MoreMovie Analysis : Million Dollar Baby1273 Words   |  6 PagesFrankie goes to Maggie s hospital room, take her off mechanical ventilation and injects her with adrenaline to end her life. This movie deals with the ethical issues of euthanasia and assisted suicide for people with disabilities or debilitating disease. According to Merriam-webster dictionary, the legal definition of euthanasia is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured persons in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy —called also mercy killingRead MoreThe Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe child of the ill or elderly parent has to decide whether their mom or dad should go forward with active euthanasia, could also cause some issues amongst the family. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is a way for family members and friends to be able to say their goodbyes to their loved one and know that they won’t be suffering for much longer. First, this essay is going to explore what euthanasia and assisted suicide is, and what the laws are in Canada involving this topic. Secondly, this paperRead MoreAssisted Suicide Should Not be Legalized1633 Words   |  7 PagesTreatments typically focus on pain management and quality of life, and include medicatio n and various types of therapy. When traditional treatments are not able to eliminate pain and suffering or the promise of healing, patients will often consider euthanasia or assisted suicide. Assisted suicide occurs when a person is terminally ill and believes that their life is not worth living anymore. As a result of these thoughts and feelings, a physician or other person is enlisted to â€Å"assist† the patient inRead MoreThe Ethics Of Patient Treatment2450 Words   |  10 Pageswith the ethics of patient treatment. I am sure I would not feel comfortable ending the life of someone as it in my views it is not morally correct. However, there are many people who believe preventing suffering for others justifies the act of euthanasia. Also, patients can refuse treatment and die of natural causes although these are cases where they cannot decide for themselves. There are many factors to take in to consideration when looking at this issue. When it comes to ethics in many situ ationsRead MoreThe Issue Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia2073 Words   |  9 Pageslife is beyond toleration or they feel as though there is no point to living, the issue of euthanasia often arises. Euthanasia is technically defined as â€Å"the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering†. In america people have the right to end their life. The topic of euthanasia is one that is highly disputed among people over the world.† Euthanasia means killing someone who is very sick to prevent more suffering† (Weaver 1). An example of

Childhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And Their...

Introduction Childhood obesity, particularly within Australia, is increasingly becoming more and more of an issue in today s society; with obesity expecting to raise around 33% by 2025 (Figure 1). In place are current policy s, legislations and campaigns to assist and promote the prevention of obesity within children and their families. However, looking at statistics, these factors are only making a slight impact on the overall population, this creates an even smaller outcome in the avoidance of childhood obesity in particular. Hit the 100 is a new campaign created to strive to prevent obesity, whilst encouraging healthy living and providing education to children and their families. The health problems arising from obesity are significantly dangerous to one s health and need to be prevented early on, which is why the Hit The 100 campaign targets children. Background If a child is obese, it may cause severe problems to their physical, emotional and social health and wellbeing. These problems can include: stress on the bones and joints, fatty liver, high blood pressure, type two diabetes, snoring and sleep apnea, behavioral problems, stigmatization and low self-esteem. (Dieticians Assoc. Aus., 2010.) The most recent Australian Health Survey between 2011-12 shows the increase in proportion of overweight and obese children in Australia since 1985. It has also been estimated that one third of Australian children will be overweight or obese by 2025 (figure 1).Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expeditiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Fa cts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreObesity : The Wild And Wonderful State Of West Virginia Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity, and more importantly childhood obesity, is drastically effecting the United States of America and other parts of the world, more and more each day. In the last 30 years, the amount of children who are six to eleven years old have doubled, and children who are twelve to nineteen years old have more than quadrupled. (â€Å"Facts†) The wild and wonderful state of West Virginia unfortunately has the title of the 2nd highest obesity rate in the United States at 35.7% as of 2014. The childhoodRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children Health1139 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Obesity on Children Health Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Childhood obesity has been problem in developed as well as in developing countries. As Cause, it is accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable to burn calorie. There is increasingRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is An Alarming Issue In Australia, And1434 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is an alarming issue in Australia, and there is not only a rapid national epidemic in Australia and around the world. Obese children are likely to develop detrimental problems in their health and have enduring social, health and economic effects that permeate throughout adulthood. Early detection and management of childhood obesity are critical in preventing obesity during adulthood, considering it is a significan t contributor to the adulthood epidemic. Thus, there are several socialRead MoreObesity The Problem Of Children!. Are You Aware Of1662 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity the problem of children! Are you aware of that over million American children are struggling with obesity? Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Being overweight an early age has been global problematic. As Cause, high number of obesity results from an abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable toRead MoreVideo Mediums and Childhood Obesity971 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Mediums and Childhood Obesity Childhood Obesity has now reached a critical level. The main reason for the growing number of obese children is inactivity. With obesity in children being related to many health issues, it is important that we not only stop the rise in childhood obesity, but reverse it. With their health at risk, it is imperative that we assure our children are in good physical shape and at healthy weight levels. The stakes are quite high, according to the U.S. DepartmentRead MoreObesity Is The Reason Our Youth972 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Childhood obesity has been on a steady incline over the past 30 years and is considered a serious public health concern, especially in elementary school aged children. According to the US Surgeon General, nearly one in three children are overweight or obese (US Department of Human Health Services, 2014). The American Heart Association (2010) has age and sex specific growth charts that show the calculation of children’s BMI using their height and weight. When children’s weight isRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Medical Condition1109 Words   |  5 Pages Childhood obesity is a medical condition that is found in children, teenagers and middle aged people. Everyone has a unique body shape and structure that is engineered right for them but sometimes the body will store more body fat than required. If an individual stores more fat than an average person is supposed to, then they can be categorized as obese. Childhood obesity can be identified seeing if the weight of a child is well above that of an average for a child s height and age. For anRead MoreNutrition And Weight Status : Preventing Childhood Obesity1478 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition and Weight Status: Preventing Childhood Obesity A healthy diet is the foundation for achieving a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition, the intake of food in order to provide the body with its dietary needs, is important when referring to a healthy diet (Potter, Perry, Stockert Hall, 2013). Nutrition is good when the body receives the essentially balanced nourishment required to sustain life and successfully perform bodily functions. However, poor nutrition can result in decreased productivityRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Of Children1437 Words   |  6 Pageslink to obese children The obesity epidemic holds the responsibility to annihilate many of the health benefits that have contributed to the increased durability recognised in the world today. In 2014, approximately 41 million children under 5 years of age were affected by overweight or obesity. Today, progress in extinguishing childhood obesity has been gradual and conflicting. A greater number of children are, even from before birth, on the brink to developing obesity. Children who are not yet

Abortion Is Not The Only Option - 1133 Words

The word abortion by definition means the induced removal of a fetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently. Abortion is an immensely controversial issue because while some people are completely against it, other people believe that a woman should have the right to choose. How would other people feel if somebody took away their freedom? So imagine not having any say in whether or not you can live. Babies don t have an option in their mother’s womb to choose if they live or not. If a woman decides to abort her baby, the baby can t do anything about their life being taken away from them. Abortion is wrong when it is committed for egotistical reasons. In America we have many choices and abortion is not the only†¦show more content†¦When people perform abortions, they take the life of an innocent child. They deny the unborn child its right to live and experience the world. I feel that no one has the right to take the life of another person, even an unbo rn child. Furthermore, abortion denies the mother the joy and opportunity to raise the baby. If the mother doesn’t want the child there are other options like adoptions, which gives women who are unable to having children the chance to raise a baby. In the long run, abortion usually ends up hurting the mother as the emotional effects become worse and worse. This problem is even more common when there is pressure by other people on the woman to have the abortion, and she does so reluctantly. Another reason why I do not believe abortions should be done is because of the many risks involved for the woman undergoing the abortion. The risks involved are both medical and emotional. In an article a psychiatrist and member of the Right to Life Committee, Carmen Gà ³mez-Lavà ­n states that: Sixty five percent of women who abort suffer symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome after undergoing the procedure. The medical risks when most women have abortions is cramping and pelvic pa in. It can also result in a torn cervix. Some women even had a hole in there uterus. There is also the emotional pain that

Islam Is The Second Largest Practiced Religion - 1910 Words

There are many religions that people currently practice. In some cases, one religion is practiced among different cultures, such as Islam. Islam is a religion that is constantly expending and increasing in numbers of believers. It is known, that this religion is practiced not only in Arabic countries, where is originally came from, but we can find its worshipers in America and Europe as well. In this project, I will explain what Islam is, I will review the teachings of this religion with emphasize on object of human creation, view of faith, and beliefs. Next, I will describe how Islam is practiced and who Muslims are among different countries, such as Great Britain and America. Also, I will go over the interaction between Muslims and non-Muslims and briefly describe similarities and differences between both groups. In addition, I will explain how Islam is contrasted with Christianity and Judaism. Islam is well acknowledged faith, which is known to be the second largest practiced reli gion in the world. The word â€Å"Islam† got its beginning from the root â€Å"salam†, meaning peace. Currently, it means surrender or submission to the Will of God. Islam is a monotheistic religion; there is only one God - Allah. Allah is eternal, omniscient, and omnipotent: has always existed and will always exist, knows everything that can be known, and can do anything that can be done (BBC, 2011). Allah is neither woman nor man, cannot be heard, and cannot be seen. In addition, his worshippersShow MoreRelatedEssay about Islam: The Rich Culture of the Middle East936 Words   |  4 Pages the religion of Islam is the second most popular religion over the entire globe, and follows a strict set of rules derived from the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, a messenger of God, or Allah. Founded in 622 C.E. (also known as A.D.) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion that drew inspiration from earlier religions like Christianity and Judaism. It is divided into three different sections- the Sunni, Shi’a and Sufi sects. The Qur’an is the holy book of Islam, andRead MoreThree Religions : One God1467 Words   |  6 PagesThree Religions: One God Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three of the most influential religions in the world. Together, they account for almost four billion followers. These religions are usually referred to as the Abrahamic religions. This is because they all claim Abraham as an important pillar of their faith. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have many things in common, including a main place of worship and holy book, but within these similarities are some major differences. ChristianityRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Judaism1636 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity, Islam, and Judaism All three religions believe and worship the same God but they do it in different ways. Judaism happens to be the oldest religion today but they don’t have an official creed. They aim to teach you about God, the Messiah, human beings, and the universe which makes Jewish beliefs very important to them. But it is important to understand that being Jewish is more of a race and culture than it is a religion. Some Jewish people may have no interest in Judaism. Judaism hasRead MoreA Brief History of Islam Essay545 Words   |  3 Pages There are three great western religions that through history have globally expanded throughout the world. One of those western religions is Islam. Islam was first introduced and developed on the Arabian Peninsula. Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, is a monotheistic religion. Islam means submission to one god. The followers of Islam are known as Muslims. One primary leader of Islam is a man named Muhammad. When an economy began to develop in the Arabian Peninsula and the city of MeccaRead More Trinity of Beliefs Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesWhich is why when studying the early Western World the religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are all closely related, are examined. All three of these religions are Western, they are monotheistic, and together they form the Abramic religions. Judaism is the oldest, dating from around 2000 BC and the most ancient religion still practiced in todays society; Christianity originates from shortly after the death of Jesus Christ; Islam is the youngest, emerging in the seventh century AD. ItRead MoreAn Essay On Russia1015 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal HRM Group Essay: Russia Overview of Russia Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, has a total area of 17,098,242 sq km (â€Å"The World Factbook†) and is the largest country in the world. It is about 1.8 times the size of the United States (â€Å"The World Factbook†). Most of Russia is either large stretches of plains or areas with a lot of forests and mountains, with the exception of the Siberian Tundra. It is difficult to perfectly describe Russia’s climate because of it’s large sizeRead MoreThe Religious Law Of Judaism1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn the religion Judaism people who are a part of this religion are called Jews. Judaism has about 14 million current adherents. They were ranked the 12th largest religion in size. Judaism is practiced in Israel, Europe, and in the U.S.A .Their sacred text is the bible, they have other authorized scriptures like the Talmud, Midrash, and the Responsa. In Judaism there religious law is the Halakhah Law. Their house of worship is the Synagogue a nd they worship mostly on Saturday. The church and stateRead MoreDo Religion, Spirituality And Health Concepts Have Any Relationship?1632 Words   |  7 PagesDo religion, spirituality and health concepts have any relationship? This this the question that comes to mind when measuring influence of religious identity and participation in health and illness responses. A lot of controversies were noted due to lack of consensus when researchers attempted to define and conceptualize religion (Koenig, King Carson, 2012). Online search through publications such as, online dictionary, CINAHL Plus, E-Journal yielded distinctive, but unrelated results. Merriam-WebsterRead MoreHuman Diversity: Islam, Santerà ­a and Judaism Essay614 Words   |  3 Pages The topic I chose to write about that interest me the most is religion. I chose religion because there are lots of differences when it comes to religion and cultures. I felt it was important to acknowledge three religions that our practiced today. The religion groups I chose to discuss in my paper are the Muslims, Santeria and Judaism . Lets begin with Muslims. A Muslim can be defined as a believer in or follower of Islam. The word Muslim is an Arabic word that means one who submits to GodRead MoreThe Books of the Three Major Religions in Southwest Asia691 Words   |  3 PagesThree major religions have ties to Southwest Asia. All three of those religions also have ties to one city, Jerusalem. The three religions are Judaism, Christianity, and finally Islam. The people who practice Judaism are called Jews, the people who practice Christianity are called Christians, and the people who practice Islam are called Muslims. All of these religions are widely practiced in Southwest Asia. They all are alike in some ways and different. Judaism started in a desert in Southwest

ERP in Cadbury Organization-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Choose any Organization and analyse why this Company needs an ERP System and what is going to be involved with the initial startup. Answer: Introduction This is a report, which will portray the enterprise resource planning of a organization named Cadbury. The report will analyze the need of implementing the enter resource planning system in the organization, the type of enterprise resource system, the components and the implementation strategy for the organization. The report will conclude with the future developments of implications of using this system. Enterprise resource management is used for providing real time view of various processes and the activities within the organization. The system stores data of all the management processes in the database of the organization. Moreover, the system keeps track of all the resources that is necessary for smooth functioning of the business processes. Cadbury is a multinational company, which is based in United kingdom and has its base of operation in Birmingham (Cadbury Chocolate | Cadbury.co.uk, 2017). It is one of the largest brand of confectioneries in the world and have an extended pr oduct line. The organization can be considered to before runners in their market segment and have a large base of operations. In 1824, John Cadbury, the founder of Cadbury opened a grocery store in Birmingham. He sold cocoa and drinking chocolate, which was being famous at that time due to their taste. Moreover, the drinking chocolate being made by him was being seen as one of the alternative of conventional drinks such as tea and coffee. Gradually, his chocolate preparation began to gain popularity in the nearby areas. By 1831, first manufacturing facility of Cadbury was born. This is being decided by John Cadbury due to the increased demand of his products. In this time, he thought of selling his products in bigger way. By 1842, Cadbury grown as a brand and already was selling more than 16 variants of chocolates. Currently, they are one of the most renowned confectionary brands in the world. Need of ERP system Cadbury was growing at a very fast rate and the existing systems in the organization were slowing them down. There were lot of inefficiencies in organizational procedures and it was affecting the supply chain of the organization. The existing system of the organization had become outdated and moreover, the rival organizations were making successful enterprise resource transitions. Thus, in order to maintain their sustainability in the market and regain their competitive advantage in the market Cadbury had to introduce enterprise resource system into their business model (Al-Ghofaili Al-Mashari, 2014). The organization wanted to reduce the overall cost of the processes and the SAP based enterprise resource management system would reduce the cost of sales, distribution, marketing and global systems. This had also helped in smoothening of the various organizational procedures by reducing the delays in the process. Thus, the organizational processes would be able to match up to the fast -paced growth of the organization. One of the key inefficiencies being identified in the order system for Cadbury is the involvement of more cost. The cost that they are incurring in their order system is more than that of their competitors. Thus, it is increasing the cost of their products. Another inefficiency being identified is the consumption of more time in the whole process. It is being identified that, the order process of Cadbury is consuming more time, which is causing delay in the inbound and outbound transportation. Type of ERP system Cadbury implemented the Sap based enterprise resource management system and this is the most widely used system in the world. ERP system are implemented on the basis of the size of the business and the supply chain in the organization. Cadbury was one of the first major companies to implement the ERP system in to the organization. R/3 is the suite that was implemented in to the organization process and procedure. This type of system is mainly used by the large-scale companies and can be customized in order to fulfil the needs o9f the organization. R/3 uses architecture, which is based on the server and client and can be executed on different types of platforms such as Windows, OS/400 and Unix (Holub Bruckner, 2016). The implementation of R/3 can be done by using a variety of database packages that may include SQL Server and Oracle. Cadbury introduced a new warehouse system, which can used for the better implementation of the processes of the organization. This structure was then imp lemented to the branch offices and the depots. Components of ERP Figure 1 (Source: Laudon Laudon, 2016) Enterprise resource management system is used for managing all the resources in the organization. The ERP management system can be used for the tracking all the processes and the procedures of the organization (Laudon Laudon, 2016). This software is cross-functional and is used for supporting all the business processes in the internal processes of the organization. However, the ERP processes are developed based on the needs of the organization and the components of ERP are as follows: Inventory Human resources Purchase Sales and marketing Customer relationship management Finance and accounting Supply chain management Production However, it was difficult for the organization to implement this procedure in all the processes of the organization. Thus, the initial process of implementation of the procedure started with only one of the components and it took time to implement the process in an effective way. The organization implemented the big bang approach and the implementation was based on the company. The organization had aligned with the external vendors so that they can manage the processes in an effective way (Nwankpa, 2015). Cadbury formed partnership with IBM for the management of the infrastructure and Siemens for the management of ERP partnership. The organization implemented big bang approach, which is based on functions in India and then it, took one year for the company to implement the whole procedure in all the different branches of the organization. Moreover, the whole system was driven by the top management of the organization and combined all the procedures in to a single phase. Component Description Enterprise resource management consist of all the important process and procedures of the organization. The enterprise resource processes are as follows: Human resource: The human resource management process is used for the efficient managame4nt of the workforce. The module will facilitate in the management of information of the employees and tracking of designations, performance reviews, time, attendance tracking and skill matrix (Fischer et al., 2017). The ERP system will also manage the payroll system, which will assist in management of the compensation of the workforce. Inventory: The stocks of the organization are maintained with the help of the ERP management system. The items are in the inventory are given a unique serial number which will assist in management of the inventory by keeping a track of all the items by detecting the current location. Sales: The process of sales includes enquiry analysis, sales queries, accepting sales orders, handling quotations, drafting sales invoices and dispatch of materials and tracking of orders. These processes are effective managed with the assistance from the enterprise resources management system (Usman, Coombs Neil, 2014). Finance and Accounting: The outflow and the inflow of cash are managed with the ERP system. The transaction related to accounts like balance sheet, profit and loss, income statement, budget, tax management and payment receipts are managed with the assistance of the Enterprise Resource management system (Nofal Yusof, 2016). The ERP system can easily manage this module and reduces the cost of operations of the organization. Purchase: The procurement of all the raw materials are managed in this module. The functionalities that are included in the module are linking of supplier and items, listing of suppliers and vendors, recording and receiving of quotations, quotation analysis, updating of stocks and reports (Nwankpa Roumani, 2014). This module is integrated with production and inventory module, which helps in providing update of the stocks. Production: Production planning, usage of raw materials and machine scheduling and tracking of daily production and reporting of actual production are the functionalities of production module. Customer relationship management: This department helps in boosting the sale of the organization providing the consumers with desired level of service and product. The detail information regarding the consumers are tracked with the customer relationship management module which will include calls, meetings, history, contract duration and purchase details (Al-Jabri Roztocki, 2015). Supply chain management: The management of the supply chain is important for increasing the efficiency of the organization. The various parties included in the supply chain procedure include stockiest, distributor, supplier, manufacturer and retailer (Acar et al., 2017). The ERP system can be easily used for the management of supply and demand. Implementation Plan Cadbury was very careful in implanting the ERP procedure and they took their time. The implementation started in Cadbury India in one of the modules. The process was completely monitored by the higher officials in the organization and when the implementation was a success, it took fewer amounts of times to implement the procedure in the other modules. Thus, after implementation of the procedure in one of the branches it was implemented in all the other branches from all over the world (Nour Mouakket, 2013). The organization implemented big bang in all the processes if the organization to completely transform the processes of the organization. In 1995, Cadbury had first implemented their ERP systems in their organization. The implementation process was being initiated with the use of the big bang approach. The implementation was being done in the phased manner rather than as a pilot project. This enables them to have enhanced the strength of the foundation of their ERP system. Accord ingly, they have source their requirements and used it in phases. They have partnered with Siemens for the implementation of the ERP system due to the reason that, Siemens is one of the leading software providers in the world along with having the experiences of managing the ERP systems of various big brands around the world. Moreover, Cadbury implemented their first ERP system in India and Siemens have their market presence in India as well. They have also partnered with IBM for the management partnership due to the reason that IBM is a leading brand in management consultation and it helped them to improve their management effectiveness. Future Development The organization has been able to maintain a stable management information system in the organization where the data is enter once a year. The data is updated once a year and the consolidated data can be viewed from all the departments of the organization so that the decision can be made in an effective way from all department of the processes. The organization is using vertical integration, which will help to evaluate and monitor all the processes of the business model in an effective way (Elbardan Kholeif, 2017). Thus, the organization will be able to make continuous improvements to the enterprise resources management system. Thus, the organization will able to maintain their competitive advantage in the market. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the report that Cadbury was in need of an enterprise resource management system as their organizational processes were slower compared to the growth of the company. However, the implementation of the ERP system has helped the organization in making the changes to the processes. The processes have become faster and the organization has been able to reduce the cost of operations. Thus, the organization is able to increase their profit margin and regain their competitive advantage in the market. Thus, the report has been able to highlight the importance of Enterprise resource management system in an organization. References Acar, M. F., Acar, M. F., Zaim, S., Zaim, S., Isik, M., Isik, M., ... Calisir, F. (2017). Relationships among ERP, supply chain orientation and operational performance: An analysis of structural equation modeling.Benchmarking: An International Journal,24(5), 1291-1308. Al-Jabri, I. M., Roztocki, N. (2015). Adoption of ERP systems: Does information transparency matter?.Telematics and Informatics,32(2), 300-310. Elbardan, H., Kholeif, A. O. R. (2017). ERP, Internal Auditing and Corporate Governance. InEnterprise Resource Planning, Corporate Governance and Internal Auditing(pp. 13-54). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Fischer, M., Heim, D., Hsselbarth, M., Winkelmann, A. (2017, July). Assessing Organization-System Fit in ERP Selection ProceduresA Literature Review. InInternational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction(pp. 134-149). Springer, Cham. Holub, I., Bruckner, T. (2016). Measuring complexity of SAP systems.Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly, (8), 60-67. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Nofal, M. I. M., Yusof, Z. M. (2016). Conceptual model of enterprise resource planning and business intelligence systems usage.International Journal of Business Information Systems,21(2), 178-194. Nour, M. A., Mouakket, S. (2013). A classification framework of critical success factors for ERP systems implementation: A multi-stakeholder perspective. InCompetition, Strategy, and Modern Enterprise Information Systems(pp. 98-113). IGI Global. Nwankpa, J. K. (2015). ERP system usage and benefit: A model of antecedents and outcomes.Computers in Human Behavior,45, 335-344. Nwankpa, J. K., Roumani, Y. (2014). The Influence of Organizational Trust and Organizational Mindfulness on ERP Systems Usage.CAIS,34, 85. Usman, A., Coombs, C., Neil, D. (2014). Use of ERP systems: a social shaping perspective.MCIS 2014 Proceedings. Cadbury Chocolate | Cadbury.co.uk. (2017). Retrieved 4 November 2017, from https://www.cadbury.co.uk/ Al-Ghofaili, A. A., Al-Mashari, M. A. (2014, August). ERP system adoption traditional ERP systems vs. cloud-based ERP systems. InInnovative Computing Technology (INTECH), 2014 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 135-139). IEEE.

Business Model Canvas of Snap Chat-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You are required to prepare a business report that deconstructs an organisation's business model and identifies the critical success factors that make the business sustainable. To undertake this analysis, you will need to explore different business models, including those that are frequently seen to achieve sustainable success and high levels of profitability. Your analysis will demonstrate your critical thinking skills and your ability to professionally articulate your findings. Answer: Description of the business and the service offered Snap Chat refers to a multimedia messaging app which is popular in the regions of North America along with that of Europe. Evan Spiegel, Reggie Brown and Bobby Murphy were responsible for creating this popular app. Principle feature pertaining to Snap Chat is that the pictures along with messages can be visible only for a short amount of time and then they become inaccessible. The app has undergone evolution from that of person-to-person photo sharing to that of featuring stories based on 24 hour chronological content. Snap Chat has become popular because it represents an innovative mobile-first direct ion pertaining to social media (Piwek Joinson, 2016). It lays stress on the aspect of the users interacting by taking recourse to virtual stickers. The users can interact by the help of augmented reality object. Snap Chat is renowned for having 187 million users who use it on every day basis. In the month of September of the year 2016, it was renamed as that of Snap Inc. The first har dware gadget by the name of Spectacles which was a sunglass having an in-built camera was launched in the year 2016 (Vugec, Spremi? Bach, 2018). Snap Chat is mainly used for the creation of multimedia message and it consists of a photo or that of a short video. The snaps can be modified by including different kinds of filters, text captions along with that of drawings. This report focuses on the business model by making use of the nine building blocks. It also discusses about the relationships between the building blocks and discusses the factors that will help the business in attaining competitive advantage. It also expounds on the factors that can lead to the downside risk of the company. Business Model Canvas of Snap Chat The nine building blocks of pertaining to the business model of Snap Chat are that of customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partnerships and that of cost structure. The customer segment mainly comprises of the demography who are between 13 and 34 year old. The young group of people who are very impulsive are the major users of this service. The young demography wants to communicate with the help of different social platforms and Snap chat proves to be the ideal platform with the help of which they can maintain communication. They key partners of Snap Chat comprise the investors, snap chat community, audience match API partners, Ads API Partners, Creative API Partners and the Creative Partner (Xu et al., 2016). The key activities of Snap Chat relates to R D, product roadmap, software development, IT Operation, customer service, m arketing and the public relations. They key resources comprise of Sna p Chat that is a photo messaging app and Spectacle that acts as a video sharing sunglass. There are around 150 millon daily users of the Snap Chat service. It has got features that can enhance the images and it is also capable of stringing different chats together. The publisher tools of the app make it viable among the young population (Makki et al., 2017). The value propositions of Snap Chat are provided y the fact that reinvention of camera can act as a great opportunity and it can help in improving te manner in which people communicate. Snap Chat helps in knowing the world so that the people can indulge in pleasure. Customer Relationships are provide owing to the fact that the user can choose to add different snaps in order to make a story that can be viewed by the public who is following the particular user. The users can also send the private snaps to that of other users. The photos along with videos can be seen for 10 seconds before they disappear. Snap Chat can delete the pr ivate snaps just after when they are opened (Browne, OReilly Hutchinson, 2017). The different channels are Snap Chat app, Spectacles, Vending machines, Advertising and the partners. The parent of Snap Chat can make money by the selling of access from the users to the advertisers. The advertising products of the company includes that of Snap Ads along with Sponsored Creative Tools. Key Relationships between the Building Blocks The value propositions of Snap Chat like the innovative camera endear it to the young demography who can derive entertainment from the exclusive features of Snap Chat. The young demography who are impulsive can enjoy the features of the messaging app and the research and development wing of Snap Chat caters to the demands of the new age consumer. The value propositions of Snap Chat are maintained with the help of sales channels like API Partners and Creative Partners (DuFour et al., 2017). In is latest strategy of moving towards automation Snap Chat has made the marketing API available to all kinds of agencies and the developers. The Snap Chat Partners Programme helped the companies in making use of API that can provide satisfaction to the largest advertisers in the world. Snap Chat has opened up the marketing API that can provide the developer with tools that can help in building the ad solutions of Snap chat (Heider, Simes Gram 2017). It can prove to be a great step for providing the customers with best solutions. It can help n the process of strengthening the relationship with the customer. The revenue is earned with the help of value proposition that is delivered to the customers of Snap Chat. Different channels pertaining to Snap Chat like Spectacles and Vending Machines help n earning profit for the messaging app. Critical Success Factors that can help in its competitive advantage Snap Chat mainly calls itself a company camera and it has done great amount of innovations on the piece of hardware. It ca however be said that it is an app that can be thrown way on one day. The platforms should have a longer life because there are switching costs that are involved. They should continue to build new technologies so that the competitors cannot replicate their particular business idea. Snap Chat should focus on the aspect of building of technology in relation to the underlying filters. They should make it the core of their business strategy. A synergy with the Android can help in the development of the messaging app. Making Android the default camera application on the smart phones can help in ensuring that the app reaches billion of deice throughout the world (Anderson, 2015). They can also license the software in order to include Canon and Nikon. It can help them in harnessing their own ecosystem (Coffman, 2017). They can also turn the filters into that of a market place which can help in allowing te developers. It can provide opportunities to the creators so that they can build innovative fascinating new filter for the app of the camera. They can innovate it in such a manner that it cannot be replaced and the customers would be attracted towards the app. The revenue of Snap Chat comes from the arena of advertising and it was recorded that Snap Chat was able to generate around $ 182 million in terms of revenue whereas on the other hand Face Book was able to garner over $ 9.3 billion (Johnson, 2015). Snap Chat can create something that is not related with anything of sharing they can create a niche market of its own. In the future Snap Chat can be made use of to see what the other friends are doing. Snap Chat in the future can make referrals to different restaurants and bars with the help of the app (Rs, 2016). Factors contributing to downside Risk Snap Chat has to operate with the help of mobile operating systems and networks that they cannot control. Changes with the products or the operating system can harm the user growth of Snap Chat app. Snap Chat boasts by calling itself a camera company but it does not own the camera. Snap Chat is dependent on Google Android for hosting the app. Snap Chat is dependent on Google Cloud for different kinds of services like computing and bandwidth. Disruption pertaining to Google Cloud Operation can harm the business of Snap Chat (Brisco, Whitfield Grierson 2016). Snap Chat is surrounded by powerful competitors and if they are not able to improve the market share then their business would suffer. Snap Chat is surrounded by enemies like that of Apple, Face Book, Twitter and You tube. Snap Chat is also competing with companies in the arena of print and radio for underlying technologies like messaging. The loss of key personnel of Snap Chat and the failure to retain qualified personnel can se riously harm the business of the company (Billings et al., 2017). Snap Chat has an operating history that is short and this makes it difficult for them to evaluate the prospects along with future financial result. Snap Chat has been in the business for around five years and there are plenty of chances that this thing may not work. Recommendations for the business model of Snap Chat Snap Chat has spent many years shunning the influence of social media inspite of huge amount of interest from these people. The new business model of Snap Chat hat will focus on the field of distribution along with monetization opportunities in relation to these creators. Development of the eco system can allow the artists in transitioning from communicating with friends to that of creating stories for serving a broad audience (Alyahya Kausar, 2017). It can monetize the stories and make use of professional tools for creating premium content. Snap Chat is dependent on high-bandwidth video that does not load easily within the developing world. Snap Chat wants to enhance the network effect and provide foundation for the future by creating more users inspite of the challenges. Snap Chat has decided to increase the user base and it wants the Android users to adopt the product more readily. Product improvements can be made by streaming the architecture for the Story play back. References: Alyahya, T., Kausar, F. (2017). Snapchat Analysis to Discover Digital Forensic Artifacts on Android Smartphone.Procedia Computer Science,109, 1035-1040. Anderson, K. E. (2015). Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: Snapchat and the rise of ephemeral communication.Library Hi Tech News,32(10), 6-10. Billings, A. C., Qiao, F., Conlin, L., Nie, T. (2017). Permanently desiring the temporary? Snapchat, social media, and the shifting motivations of sports fans.Communication Sport,5(1), 10-26. Brisco, R., Whitfield, R., Grierson, H. (2016, April). Recommendations for the use of social network sites and mobile devices in a collaborative engineering design project. In18th International Conference on Engineering Product Design Education. Browne, O., OReilly, P., Hutchinson, M. (2017). Ephemeral Returns: Social Network Valuations and Perceived Privacy. Coffman, J. M. T. (2017). Todays Technology: Using Snapchat to Connect Educators, Learners, and Content.Southern Regional Council of Educational Administration,17(2). DuFour, A., Lajeunesse, K., Pipada, R., Xu, S., Nomee, J. (2017). The effect of data security perception on wearable device acceptance: a technology acceptance model.Proceedings of Student-Faculty Research Day, D11, 1-6. Heider, B., Simes, C. S., Gram, C. (2017). Snapchat as an innovative service. Johnson, N. (2015).The Future of Marketing: Strategies from 15 Leading Brands on how Authenticity, Relevance, and Transparency Will Help You Survive the Age of the Customer. FT Press. Makki, T. W., DeCook, J. R., Kadylak, T., Lee, O. J. (2017). The social value of Snapchat: An exploration of affiliation motivation, the technology acceptance model, and relational maintenance in Snapchat use.International Journal of HumanComputer Interaction, 1-11. Piwek, L., Joinson, A. (2016). What do they snapchat about? Patterns of use in time-limited instant messaging service.Computers in Human Behavior,54, 358-367. Rs, K. (2016). The versatile use of social media in today's business environment. Vugec, D. S., Spremi?, M., Bach, M. P. (2018). Integrating Digital Transformation Strategies into Firms: Values, Routes and Best Practice Examples. InManagement and Technological Challenges in the Digital Age(pp. 119-140). CRC Press. Xu, B., Chang, P., Welker, C. L., Bazarova, N. N., Cosley, D. (2016, February). Automatic archiving versus default deletion: what Snapchat tells us about ephemerality in design. InProceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 1662-1675). ACM.

Types and forms of organizational change free essay sample

Organizational change is an ongoing process with important implications for organizational effectiveness. An organization and its members must be constantly on the alert for changes from within the organization and from the outside environment, and they must learn how to adjust to change quickly and effectively. Organizational change is the movement of an organization away from its present state and toward some future state to increase its effectiveness. Forces for organizational change include competitive forces; economic, political, and global forces; demographic and social forces; and ethical forces. Organizations are often reluctant to change because resistance to change at the organization, group, and individual levels has given rise to organizational inertia. Sources of organization-level resistance to change include power and conflict, differences in functional orientation, mechanistic structure, and organizational culture. Sources of group-level resistance to change include group norms, group cohesiveness, and groupthink and escalation of commitment. Sources of individual-level resistance to change include uncertainty and insecurity, selective perception and retention, and habit. We will write a custom essay sample on Types and forms of organizational change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Lewin’s force-field theory of change, organizations are balanced between forces pushing for change and forces resistant to change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change, or do both simultaneously. Types of change fall into two broad categories: evolutionary and revolutionary. The main instruments of evolutionary change are sociotechnical systems theory, total quality management, and the development of flexible workers and work teams. The main instruments of revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring, and innovation. Often, the revolutionary types of change that result from restructuring and reengineering are necessary only because an organization and its managers ignored or were unaware of changes in the environment and did not make incremental changes as needed. Action research is a strategy that managers can use to plan the change process. The main steps in action research are (a) diagnosis and analysis of the organization, (b) determining the desired future state, (c) implementing action, (d) evaluating the action, and (e) institutionalizing action research. Organizational development (OD) is a series of techniques and methods to increase the adaptability of organizations. OD techniques can be used to overcome resistance to change and to help the organization to change itself. OD techniques for dealing with resistance to change include education and communication, participation and empowerment, facilitation, bargaining and negotiation, manipulation, and coercion. OD techniques for promoting change include, at the individual level, counseling, sensitivity training, and process consultation; at the group level, team building and intergroup training; and at the organizational level, organizational confrontation meetings. CHAPTER OUTLINE 10. 1 What Is Organizational Change? Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their current or present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. An organization in decline may need to restructure its competences and resources to improve its fit with a changing environment. Even thriving, high-performing organizations such as Google, Apple, and Facebook need to continuously change the way they operate over time to meet ongoing challenges. Targets of Change Organizational change includes changes in four areas: 1. Human resources are an organization’s most important asset. Because these skills and abilities give an organization a competitive advantage, organizations must continually monitor their structures to find the most effective way of motivating and organizing human resources to acquire and use their skills. Changes made in human resources include investment in training, socializing employees, changing norms to motivate a diverse workforce, monitoring promotion and reward systems, and changing top management. 2. Each organizational function needs to develop procedures that allow it to manage the particular environment it faces. Crucial functions grow in importance while those whose usefulness is declining shrink. Thus, key functions grow in importance. Organizations can change structure, culture, and technology to improve the value created by functions. 3. Technological capabilities give an organization an enormous capacity to change itself to exploit market opportunities. Technological capabilities provide new products, change existing ones, and create a core competence. Improving the reliability and quality of goods and services is an important capability. Organizations may need to restructure to achieve the benefits of new technology. 4. Organizational capabilities are imbedded in operations. Organizations use human and functional resources to seize technological opportunities through structure and culture. Organizational change often involves changing the relationships between people and functions to increase their ability to create value. 10. 2 Forces for and Resistance to Organizational Change Forces for Change If managers are slow to respond to the forces of change, the organization will lag behind its competitors and its effectiveness will be compromised. (Refer to Figure 10. 1) Competitive forces spur change, because unless an organization matches or surpasses its competitors it will not survive. Managing change is crucial when competing for customers. To lead on the dimensions of efficiency or quality, an organization must constantly adopt the latest technology as it becomes available. To lead on the dimension of innovation and obtain a technological advantage over competitors, a company must possess skills in managing the process of innovation. Economic, political, and global forces, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or other economic unions, are significant forces of change. The European Union (EU) includes over 27 members eager to take advantage of a large protected market. Global challenges facing organizations include the need to change an organizational structure to allow expansion into foreign markets, the need to adapt to a variety of national cultures, and the need to help expatriate managers adapt to the economic, political, and cultural values of the countries in which they are located. Demographic and social forces include an increasingly diverse workforce. Changes in the demographic characteristics of the workforce require managers to change their styles of managing all employees and to learn how to understand, supervise, and motivate diverse members effectively. Many workers want to balance work and leisure. Managers need to abandon stereotypes and accept the importance of equity in the recruitment and promotion of new hires. Ethical forces such as increasing government, political, and social demands for more responsible and honest corporate behavior are compelling organizations to promote ethical behavior. Many companies have created the position of ethics officer. If organizations operate in countries that pay little attention to human rights or to the well-being of organizational members, they have to learn how to change these standards and to protect their overseas employees. Resistances to Change Resistance to change lowers an organization’s effectiveness and reduces its chances of survival. Resistances or impediments to change that cause inertia are found at the organization, group, and individual levels. (Refer to Figure 10. 1) Organization-Level Resistance to Change Power and conflict: When change causes power struggles and organizational conflict, an organization is likely to resist it. If change benefits one function at the expense of another, conflict impedes the change process. In the old IBM, for example, managers of its mainframe computer division fought off attempts to redirect IBM’s resources to produce the PCs that customers wanted in order to preserve their own power. Differences in functional orientation: This means that different functions and divisions often see the source of a problem differently because they see an issue or problem primarily from their own viewpoint. This tunnel vision increases organizational inertia. Mechanistic structure: Mechanistic structures are more resistant to change. People who work within a mechanistic structure are expected to act in certain ways and do not develop the capacity to adjust their behavior to changing conditions. A mechanistic structure typically develops as an organization grows and is a principal source of inertia, especially in large organizations. The extensive use of mutual adjustment and decentralized authority in an organic structure makes it less resistant to change. Organizational culture: Organizational culture, values, and norms cause resistance to change. If organizational change disrupts taken-for-granted values and norms and forces people to change what they do and how they do it, an organization’s culture will cause resistance to change. Group-Level Resistance to Change Many groups develop strong informal norms that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviors and govern the interactions between group members. Often, change alters task and role relationships in a group; when it does, it disrupts group norms and the informal expectations that group members have of one another. As a result, members of a group may resist change because a new set of norms must be developed to meet the needs of the new situation. Group cohesiveness, the attractiveness of a group to its members, also affects group performance. A highly cohesive group may resist attempts by management to change what it does or even who is a member of the group. Groupthink and escalation of commitment also make changing a group’s behavior very difficult. Individual-Level Resistance to Change People tend to resist change because they feel uncertain and insecure about what its outcome will be. Selective perception and retention suggest that people perceive information consistent with their views. If change doesn’t benefit them, they do not endorse it. People’s preference for familiar actions and events is a further impediment to change. Lewin’s Force-Field Theory of Change Force-field theory is a theory of organizational change that argues that two sets of opposing forces within an organization determine how change will take place. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organization is in a state of inertia and does not change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change, or do both simultaneously. Any of these strategies will overcome inertia and cause an organization to change. (Refer to Figure 10. 2) Managerial Implications Managers must continuously monitor the environment to identify the forces for change. They must analyze how the change will affect the organization and determine which type of change to pursue. 10. 3 Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Evolutionary change refers to change that is gradual, incremental, and specifically focused. It adds small adjustments to strategy and structure to handle environmental changes. Sociotechnical systems theory, total quality management, and the creation of empowered, flexible work groups are three instruments of evolutionary change that organizations use in their attempt to make incremental improvements in the way work gets done. Revolutionary change refers to change that is sudden, drastic, and organization-wide. It has repercussions at all levels in the organization—corporate, divisional, functional, group, and individual. Three ways to implement revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring, and innovation. Developments in Evolutionary Change: Sociotechnical Systems Theory Sociotechnical systems theory is a theory that proposes the importance of changing role and task or technical relationships to increase organizational effectiveness. It emerged from a study of changing work practices in the British coal-mining industry. The socio-technical systems theory argues that managers need to fit or jointly optimize the workings of the technical and social systems. A poor fit between an organization’s technology and social system leads to failure, but a close fit leads to success. When managers change task and role relationships, they must recognize the need to adjust the technical and social systems gradually so group norms and cohesiveness are not disrupted. By taking this gradual approach, an organization can avoid the group-level resistance to change. Researchers suggest that a team-oriented system promotes values that enhance efficiency and product quality. Total quality management uses sociotechnical systems theory. Total Quality Management Total quality management (TQM) is a technique developed by W. Edwards Deming to continuously improve the effectiveness of flexible work teams. It was embraced by Japanese companies after World War II. Changes frequently inspired by TQM include altering the design or type of machines used to assemble products and reorganizing the sequence of activities—either within or between functions—necessary to provide a service to a customer. Changing cross-functional relationships to help improve quality is important in TQM. The changes associated with TQM are changes in task, role, and group relationships. Implementing a TQM program is not always easy because it requires workers and managers to adopt new ways of viewing their roles in an organization. Managers must be willing to decentralize control of decision making, empower workers, and assume the role of facilitator rather than supervisor. The â€Å"command and control† model gives way to an â€Å"advise and support† model. Flexible Workers and Flexible Work Teams In implementing socio-technical systems theory and TQM, many organizations are finding it easier to achieve their goals by using flexible workers and teams. Flexible workers can be transferred between departments and functions as demand changes. The advantages of flexible workers include quick response to environmental changes; reduced boredom and increased incentives for quality; better understanding by learning one another’s tasks; and combining tasks to increase efficiency and reduce costs. A flexible work team is a group of workers who assume responsibility for performing all the operations necessary for completing a specified stage in the manufacturing process. A flexible work team is self-managed; members jointly assign tasks and transfer from one task to another. In a flexible work team, separate teams assemble different components and turn those components over to the final-product work team, which assembles the final product. Each team’s activities are driven by demands that have their origins in customer demands for the final product. (Refer to Figure 10. 3) Developments in Revolutionary Change: Reengineering The term â€Å"reengineering† has been used to refer to the process by which managers redesign how tasks are bundled into roles and functions to improve organizational effectiveness. It involves rethinking business processes, activities that cross functional boundaries. Instead of focusing on an organization’s functions in isolation from one another, managers make business processes the focus of attention. A business process is an activity that cuts across functional boundaries and is vital to the quick delivery of goods and services or that promotes high quality or low costs. Because reengineering focuses on business processes and not functions, an organization must rethink the way it approaches organizing its activities. A good example of how to use reengineering to increase functional integration comes from attempts to redesign the materials management function to improve its effectiveness. In the traditional functional design the three main components of materials management—purchasing, production control, and distribution—were typically in separate functions and had little to do with one another. Thus coordinating their activities is difficult. Each function has its own hierarchy, and there are problems in both vertical and horizontal communication. Today, most organizations put all three of the functional activities involved in the materials management process inside one function. Three guidelines for performing reengineering successfully are as follows: Organize around outcomes, not tasks. 2. Have those who use the output of the process perform the process. 3. Decentralize decision making to the point where the decision is made. Reengineering and TQM are highly interrelated and complementary. E-Engineering This is a term used to refer to companies’ attempts to use all kinds of information systems to improve performance. The importance of e-engineering is increasing as it changes the way a company organizes its value-creation functions and links them to improve its performance. Restructuring Restructuring is a process by which managers change task and authority relationships and redesign organizational structure and culture to improve organizational effectiveness. Downsizing is the process by which managers streamline the organizational hierarchy and lay off managers and workers to reduce bureaucratic costs. The drive to decrease bureaucratic costs results from competitive pressures. Mergers and acquisitions in many industries, such as banking, have led to downsizing because fewer managers are needed. Other companies have reduced staff to match competitors. The negative effects of downsizing include overworked managers and lost opportunities. Companies that fail to control growth must downsize to remain competitive. The terms anorexic or hollow are used to refer to organizations that downsized too much and have too few managers to help them grow when conditions change. Restructuring, like other change strategies, generates resistance to change. Often, the decision to downsize requires the establishment of new task and role relationships. Because this change may threaten the jobs of some workers, they resist the changes taking place. Innovation Innovation refers to the process by which organizations use their skills and resources to develop new goods and services or to develop new production and operating systems so they can better respond to the needs of their customers. 10. 4 Managing Change: Action Research In Lewin’s view, implementing change is a three-step process: (1) unfreezing the organization from its present state, (2) making the change, and (3) refreezing the organization in the new, desired state so its members do not revert to their previous work attitudes and role behavior. Action research is a strategy for generating and acquiring knowledge that managers can use to define an organization’s desired future state and to plan a change program that allows the organization to reach that state. Figure 10. 6 highlights the steps in action research. Diagnosis of the Organization The first step in action research requires managers to recognize the existence of a problem that needs to be solved and acknowledge that some type of change is needed to solve it. In general, recognition of the need for change arises because somebody in the organization perceives a gap between desired performance and actual performance. Determining the Desired Future State This step also involves a difficult planning process as managers work out various alternative courses of action that could move the organization to where they would like it to be and determine what type of change to implement. Implementing Action 1. First, managers identify possible impediments to change at all levels. 2. The second step is deciding who will be responsible for actually making the changes and controlling the change process. The choices are to employ either external change agents or internal change agents or use some combination of both. 3. The third step is deciding which specific change strategy will most effectively unfreeze, change, and refreeze the organization. The types of change that these techniques give rise to fall into two categories: Top-down change is implemented by managers at a high level in the organization, knowing that the change will reverberate at all organizational levels. Bottom-up change is implemented by employees at low levels in the organization that gradually rises until it is felt throughout the organization. Evaluating the Action The fourth step in action research is evaluating the action that has been taken and assessing the degree to which the changes have accomplished the desired objectives. The best way to evaluate the change process is to develop measures or criteria that allow managers to assess whether the organization has reached its desired objectives. Institutionalizing Action Research Organizations need to institutionalize action research—that is, make it a required habit or a norm adopted by every member of an organization. The institutionalization of action research is as necessary at the top of the organization as it is on the shop floor. Managerial Implications Managers must develop criteria to evaluate whether a change is necessary, and carefully design a plan that minimizes resistance. 10. 5 Organizational Development Organizational development (OD) is a series of techniques and methods that managers can use in their action research program to increase the adaptability of their organization. The goal of OD is to improve organizational effectiveness and to help people in organizations reach their potential and realize their goals and objectives. OD Techniques to Deal with Resistance to Change Education and Communication: One impediment to change is that participants are uncertain about what is going to happen. Through education and communication, internal and external agents of change can provide organizational members with information about the change and how it will affect them. Participation and Empowerment: Inviting workers to participate in the change process is a popular method of reducing resistance to change. Participation complements empowerment, increases workers’ involvement in decision making, and gives them greater autonomy to change work procedures to improve organizational performance. These are key elements of most TQM programs. People that are involved in the change and decision-making process are more likely to embrace rather than resist. Facilitation: Both managers and workers find change stressful. There are several ways in which organizations can help their members to manage stress: providing them with training to help them learn how to perform new tasks, providing them with time off from work to recuperate from the stressful effects of change, or even giving senior members sabbaticals. Bargaining and Negotiation: Bargaining and negotiation are important tools that help managers manage conflict. Because change causes conflict, bargaining is an important tool in overcoming resistance to change. Manipulation: Sometimes senior managers need to intervene, as politics shows that powerful managers have considerable ability to resist change. Coercion: The ultimate way to eliminate resistance to change is to coerce the key players into accepting change and threaten dire consequences if they choose to resist. The disadvantage is that it can leave people angry and disenchanted and can make the refreezing process difficult. OD Techniques to Promote Change Counseling, Sensitivity Training, and Process Consultation: Recognizing that each individual is different also requires them to be treated or managed differently. Sometimes, counseling will help individuals understand that their own perceptions of a situation may be incorrect. Sensitivity training is an OD technique that consists of intense counseling in which group members, aided by a facilitator, learn how others perceive them and may learn how to deal more sensitively with others. Process consultation is an OD technique in which a facilitator works closely with a manager on the job to help the manager improve his or her interactions with other group members. Team building is an OD technique in which a facilitator first observes the interactions of group members and then helps them become aware of ways to improve their work interactions. The goal of team building is to improve group processes to achieve process gains and reduce process losses that are occurring because of shirking and freeriding. Intergroup training is an OD technique that uses team building to improve the work interactions of different functions or divisions. Its goal is to improve organizational performance by focusing on a function’s or division’s joint activities and output. Organizational mirroring is an OD technique in which a facilitator helps two interdependent groups explore their perceptions and relations in order to improve their work interactions. This technique is designed to get both interdependent groups to see the perspective of the other side. Appreciating others’ perspectives allows the groups to work together more effectively. Total Organizational Interventions: A variety of OD techniques can be used at the organization level to promote organization-wide change. Organizational confrontation meeting is an OD technique that brings together all of the managers of an organization at a meeting to confront the issue of whether the organization is meeting its goals effectively.